Suppression of J modulation

The spin echo is the single most important building block in modern NMR spectroscopy, but echo modulation by scalar couplings J can severely complicate its use. A general solution to such complications exists and can be exploited to give clean experiments for the measurement of T2 or the suppression of species with short T2, or for the suppression of J modulation in WATERGATE based solvent suppression.



Suppression of the water signal in semi-skimmed milk using a) conventional WATERGATE and b) with Perfect-Echo WATERGATE.

Pulse sequences can be downloaded here


Aguilar JA, Nilsson M, Bodenhausen G, Morris GA, 2012 Spin echo NMR spectra without J modulation. Chemical Communications. 48, 811.

Adams RW, Holroyd CM, Aguilar JA, Nilsson M, Morris GA, In Press “Perfecting” WATERGATE: clean proton NMR spectra from aqueous solution. Chemical Communications.